Título del artículo:

The spectrum of the dyslipidemia in Colombia: The PURE study

Background: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Worldwide, a third of ischemic heart disease is due to abnormal cholesterol levels and it is the most common cause of cardiovascular deaths in Colombia. In Colombia, no representative, large-scale study has assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia. The aim of the present analysis was to identify the magnitude of the problem in Colombia, a middle-income-country with large regional, geographic, and socio-economical differences. Material and methods: The sample comprised 6628 individuals aged 35 to 70 years (mean age 50.7 years, 64.1% women) residing in the four Colombian regions. Results: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 87.7% and was substantially higher among participants older than 50 years, male, rural residents, and those with a lower level of education (66.8%), and with a lower income (66.4%). High non HDL-c was the most common abnormality (75.3%). The values of total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol were higher in areas with the lowest health needs index than in the areas with intermediate and highest health need index, the isolated HDL-c value was much lower. Conclusion: Colombia has a high prevalence of abnormalities of the lipid profile. The causes of the high rates of dyslipidemia were not well define in this study, but were more common in rural and poorer regions and among those with lower socio-economical status. Strategies to tackle the adverse lipid profile to reduce CVD are needed in Colombia, particularly in rural areas and among the areas with the higher health need index.

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International Journal of Cardiology

Título del artículo:

Use of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)-Derived Hydrogen in Ecuador: Potential Applications for Urban Transportation

This paper performs an assessment of the potential energy-purposed H2 production in Ecuador from municipal solid waste (MSW). Thermochemical and electrochemical paths are considered for MSW conversion. Ecuadorian provincial MSW distribution (2016 data) provides the base information for assessing and constructing maps of the theoretical H2 production yield and its density per unit area. Additionally, the use of H2 in fuel cell-propelled urban public transportation is proposed as an end-use consumer. Results show that it is possible to fulfil urban public transportation energy demand in 91% of the country with MSW-derived H2; in fact, the three provinces that together generate 57% of the available MSW (Guayas, Pichincha, and Azuay) could satisfy their public transportation diesel fuel demand with MSW-derived hydrogen. In the case of these three provinces, H2 generation could replace by 2.57 times (on average) the local urban transportation diesel fuel demand. Finally, a possible scenario for a non-conventional H2 production path is shown, which could also represent a suitable MSW final disposal alternative with benefits to urban mobility.

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Waste and Biomass Valorization

Título del artículo:

Endoscope-assisted contralateral transmaxillary approach to the clivus and the hypoglossal canal: Technical case report

Clival lesions are still considered surgically complex due to their anatomical location. Critical structures, such as the internal carotid arteries (ICAs), cavernous sinuses, cranial nerves, and brainstem, may be encased within the lesion. Although advances in endoscopic endonasal approaches have provided new routes to these lesions, exposure and resection of clival tumors through the endonasal route remain a technical challenge. Here, the authors report a left-sided endoscopic transmaxillary approach to access the right aspect of the clivus and the hypoglossal canal. A 35-year-old woman presented with progressive right 6th cranial nerve palsy. MRI revealed a contrast-enhancing right petroclival chondrosarcoma that involved Meckel’s cave and extended into the right hypoglossal canal. An endoscopic-contralateral-transmaxillary approach through a left sublabial incision was used to access the right petroclival region and right hypoglossal canal. A left maxillary osteoplastic flap was elevated to expose the left maxillary sinus. This was followed by a left medial maxillectomy, gaining access to the left posterior nasal cavity. The posterior third of the left inferior turbinate and nasal septum were removed to access the right side of the petroclival region. Near-total resection was achieved without any vascular or neurological complications. A thin shell of residual tumor was left behind due to involvement of vital structures, such as the ICA, and further treated with proton-beam radiotherapy. The endoscopic-contralateral-transmaxillary approach provides a direct surgical corridor and good lateral visualization of the skull base vasculature. This approach allows wide maneuverability around the ICA and hypoglossal canal, which, in this case, allowed maximal tumor resection with full preservation of neurological function.

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Journal of Neurosurgery

Título del artículo:

AG-CASU: An algorithm to generate irrigation parameters and crop management strategies for the aquacrop model

This paper presents an algorithm to generate the irrigation policies and crop management configuration files for the agroclimatic risk model AquaCrop. The software determines the parameters to be modified by a stochastic method. The AG-CASU algorithm takes account of the limits determined for each variable. The algorithm can be configured to determine the number of scenarios, the number of simulations, the feasibility of each of the parameters, the initial seed file and the compliance with the AquaCrop agroclimatic risk model. In general, the agroclimatic risk models use data and information referring to climate, soil composition, temperature, rainfall, availability of water resources and characteristics of the crops to estimate the productivity of a given crop. The genetic algorithm for calculating fitnness is connected to the AquaCrop simulator, which, given a set of parameters that represent an irrigation policy, generates an estimate of biomass productivity. The algorithm was validated through a case study in special coffee crops of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The proposed algorithm automatically obtains the files corresponding to irrigation policies and cultivation strategies of the AquaCrop model, with coverage of the domain of the variables and with compliance to the AquaCrop software.

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ICIC Express Letters

Título del artículo:

ZnO-based nanofungicides: Synthesis, characterization and their effect on the coffee fungi Mycena citricolor and Colletotrichum sp.

In this work we compare the antifungal capacity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized by a chemical route and a ZnO-based nanobiohybrid obtained by green synthesis in an extract of garlic (Allium sativum). To find out the characteristics of the materials synthesized, X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy and absorption in UV–Vis were used, as well as both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The results showed that the samples obtained were of nanometric size (<100 nm), with a predominance of the wurtzite crystal phase of ZnO and little crystallization of the nanobiohybrids. Their antifungal capacity on two pathogenic fungi of coffee, Mycena citricolor (Berk and Curt) and Colletotrichum sp. was also evaluated. Both nanomaterials showed an efficient antifungal capacity, particularly the nanobiohybrids, with ~97% inhibition in growth of M. citricolor, and ~93% for Colletotrichum sp. The microstructural study with high resolution optical (HROM) and ultra-structural microscopy (using TEM) carried out on the fungi treated with the synthesized nanomaterials showed a strong nanofungicidal effect on the vegetative and reproductive structures and fungal cell wall, respectively. The inhibition of the growth of the fungi and micro and ultra-structural affectations were explained considering that the size of the nanomaterials allows them to pass easily through the cell membranes. This indicates that they can be absorbed easily by the fungi tested here, causing cellular dysfunction. Nanofungicide effects are also attributable to the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as the high surface-to-bulk ratio of atoms and their surface physicochemical characteristics that could directly or indirectly produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which affect the proteins of the cell wall.

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Materials Science and Engineering C

Título del artículo:

Force awakens: A new hope for athletic shoulder strength testing

Acerca de la revista donde se publicó este artículo:

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Título del artículo:

May Measurement Month 2017: an analysis of blood pressure screening results in Colombia - Americas

Despite the availability of efficient methods to evaluate blood pressure (BP) and of safe and efficient medication to treat and control hypertension, the levels of awareness, treatment and control are very low globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To highlight the importance of improving these rates, the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) endorsed by the World Hypertension League have implemented the May Measurement Month initiative. We present here the results obtained in Colombia. The Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) led the implementation of this strategy in Colombia and 11 departments participated. The data collection followed the guidelines of the ISH. The information collected was compiled for the report generation and the submission to the Technical Secretariat of the ISH. Data cleaning was performed locally by FOSCAL. Data were collated and analysed centrally. A total of 22 258 participants (58.8% female) were included in the analysis. Mean age was 40.9 ± 17.7 years. Age and sex-standardized BP excluding participants receiving BP medications was 118/74.3 mmHg, and in those on treatment 125/78 mmHg. High BP was present in 5036 (22.8%) individuals, 1637 of 18 644 (8.8%) who were not receiving anti-hypertensive medications were hypertensive, and 961 of 3359 (28.6%) receiving treatment were not controlled. These results highlight the need to develop innovative promotion strategies at individual and population levels to increase the awareness of the importance of BP, and the consequences of not having well-controlled hypertension. This initiative is an effective and easy to implement strategy that should be maintained in the coming years.

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European Heart Journal, Supplement

Título del artículo:

Control and treatment of arterial hypertension; Program 20-20

Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of premature death in the world. Arterial hypertension is among the most prevalent modifiable diseases, and is the third cause of death in the world, with one in every eight deaths worldwide being attributed to it. Arterial hypertension is easily to identify using non-invasive methods. World population studies have shown that the prevalence of arterial hypertension in adults greater than 35 years is 41%, and only 46.5% are aware of being hypertensive. In those that are aware, 87.9% are receiving pharmacological treatment, but only 32.5% of those that receive treatment are well-controlled, with an overall control worldwide of just 18%. In this article, the factors that explain this situation are reviewed, including the difficulties associated with the availability and access to health services and anti-hypertensive medication, education of the health teams, and lack of awareness by the patients as regards their illness. This is reflected by a low adherence to the interventions on changes in life style and the pharmacological treatment. Furthermore, a review is carried out on a series of initiatives and strategies that are being developed by different organisations in order to improve the adequate detection, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension, as such that it contributes to substantially decrease the morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascualar diseases.

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Revista Colombiana de Cardiologia

Título del artículo:

Physical fitness characteristics of Omani primary school children according to body mass index

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that children with high cardiorespiratory fitness and normal body mass index (BMI) have less risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), however limited research was undertaken in Omani children. Therefore the aims of the present study were to describe body composition and physical fitness of a large cohort of Omani school children of both genders, and to investigate the effects of weight status on physical fitness. METHODS: Three hundred and fourteen Omani school children aged 9 to 10 years old took part in anthropometric assessments, body composition and fitness tests, including handgrip strength, the basketball chest pass, broad jump, 20-m sprint, four 10-m shuttle agility, 30-s sit-up, and multistage fitness test (MSFT). RESULTS: Obese boys and girls performed worse than normal-weight children in sprint, agility and endurance. In addition, fitness measures in the overweight group and underweight groups were not significantly different from other groups, except a better handgrip strength and poorer MSFT in overweight compared to normal weight girls, and poorer agility performance in underweight girls compared to the three other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most fitness measures are lower in obese Omani children, which suggests that they will be more at risk of developing NCDs later in life.

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Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

Título del artículo:

Pedophilia, substance-use disorder, and intellectual disability: A case report

Objective: To present a case of pedophilic disorder associated to intellectual disability and substance-use disorder (SUD). Background: Pedophilic disorders often appear in comorbidity with other mental disorders. Case description: A 21-year-old man is hospitalized in an addictive behavior unit, with a history of SUD, an exclusive sexual preference for boys aged 12 or under, associated to interpersonal problems with borderline Intelligence Quotient score, and failure in global functioning. Discussion: The article analyses the criteria related to pedophilic disorder, the difficulties in its diagnosis, the clinical implications of the comorbidity with intellectual disability and SUD. Conclusions: It is important to differentiate between pedophilic disorder, SUD, and intellectual disability. An active search for deviant sexual behavior is recommended in patients with dual diagnosis.

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Addictive Disorders and their Treatment

Título del artículo:

Cross-tolerance between nitric oxide synthase inhibition and atypical antipsychotics modify nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in mouse lateral striatum

Previous research indicates that the subchronic administration of NG-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOARG) produces tolerance to haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss mice. The present study aimed to further investigate whether intermittent subchronic systemic administration of l-NOARG induces tolerance to the cataleptic effects of haloperidol as well as olanzapine or clozapine (Clz) in C57Bl mice after subchronic administration for 5 consecutive days. Striatal FosB protein expression was measured in an attempt to gain further insights into striatal mechanisms in antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms side effects. An nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemical reaction was also used to investigate whether tolerance could induce changes in the number of nitric oxide synthase-active neurons. Subchronic administration of all antipsychotics produced catalepsy, but cross-tolerance was observed only between l-NOARG (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and Clz (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). This cross-tolerance effect was accompanied by decreased FosB protein expression in the dorsal striatum and the nucleus accumbens shell region, and reduced icotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase activity in the dorsal and ventral lateral striatum. Overall, these results suggest that interference with the formation of nitric oxide, mainly in the dorsal and ventral lateral-striatal regions, appears to improve the cataleptic effects induced by antipsychotics acting as antagonists of low-affinity dopamine D2 receptor, such as Clz.

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Behavioural Pharmacology

Título del artículo:

Smell status in functional movement disorders: New clues for diagnosis and underlying mechanisms

Objective: Functional movement disorders (FMDs) mimic a range of movements, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders known to have smell dysfunction, which has been neglected in terms of its application to FMD. We aim to determine the smell status in FMD patients tested by a non-invasive, reliable and validated olfactory test. Patients and methods: We quantitatively assessed in thirty-five FMD patients their smell status and compared it to that of healthy age- and sex-matched controls, and of patients with Parkinson\'s disease (PD). All participants were administered the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), a standardized short version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The Picture Identification Test (PIT), a visual test analogous in content and form to the UPSIT designed to control for non-olfactory cognitive confounds, was also administered. Results: The B-SIT scores of the FMD patients were higher than those from PD patients [respective means (standard deviations: SDs) = FMD, 9.54 (1.57); PD, 4.64 (1.05), p < 0.01)] but similar to the smell scores from healthy controls [9.97 (1.77), p = 0.35]. Gender, age, time of disease onset, smoking status, and phenotypic expression did not influence the test scores. Fourteen FMD patients who mentioned having olfactory dysfunction before smell testing have their test results within normal range. PIT scores from patients and healthy controls were within normal range. Conclusions: These findings indicate that FMD patients have normal olfactory function. Olfactory testing may be helpful in identifying and differentiating FMD from other movement, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases for which smell function is altered.

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Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

Título del artículo:

Temporal trends in muscular fitness of English 10-year-olds 1998–2014: An allometric approach

Objectives: To identify temporal trends in muscular fitness of English children using allometric scaling for height and weight to adjust for the influence of body size. Design: Repeated cross-sectional study. Methods: We measured; height, weight, standing broad-jump, handgrip, sit-ups and bent-arm hang in 10-year-old boys and girls from Chelmsford, England in: 2014 (n = 306), 2008 (n = 304) and 1998 (n = 310). Physical activity was (PAQ-C) was assessed in 2008 and 2014. Muscular fitness was allometrically scaled for height and weight. We assessed temporal trends using General Linear Models (fixed factors: wave and sex) and reported effect sizes using partial eta squared (ηP2). We compared percentage change per year 1998–2008 with 2008–2014. Results: Ten-year-olds in 2014 were taller and heavier than in 2008 and 1998 but there were no differences in BMI. Compared with 2008, physical activity was lower in boys (ηP2 = 0.012) and girls (ηP2 = 0.27) assessed in 2014. There were significant main effects of wave for handgrip (ηP2 = 0.060), sit-ups (ηP2 = 0.120) and bent-arm hang (ηP2 = 0.204). Pairwise comparisons showed muscular fitness of both sexes was significantly lower in 2014 than in 1998. From 2008 to 2014 percent change per year in handgrip (1.6%) and sit-ups (3.9%) were greater than for the preceding decade (handgrip 0.6%, sit-ups 2.6%). Conclusions: Downward temporal trends in muscular fitness appear independent of secular changes in body size. We found a decrease in self-reported physical activity concurrent with the accelerated declines in fitness from 2008 to 2014. These findings suggest the declines in children are not engaging in physical activities which support development of muscular fitness.

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Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

Título del artículo:

Distribution of somatostatin-28 (1-12), calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P in the squirrel monkey brainstem: an immunocytochemical study

Using an immunocytochemical technique, we have studied the distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) [SOM-28 (1-12)], calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) in the brainstem of Saimiri sciureus. The distribution of the peptidergic cell bodies was very restricted: perikarya containing SOM-28 (1-12) were only observed in the substantia grisea centralis, while no immunoreactive cell bodies containing CGRP or SP were visualized. Fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12), CGRP, or SP were widely distributed in the brainstem: immunoreactive fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12) showed the most widespread distribution and were the most abundant. The distribution of SOM-28 (1-12)-, CGRP- or SP-immunoreactive fibers was very similar. Colocalization of immunoreactive fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12), CGRP or SP was observed in many brainstem nuclei. A neuroanatomical relationship between CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive fibers was observed, although this relationship was less marked for SOM-28 (1-12) and SP and lower still for SOM-28 (1-12) and CGRP. The widespread distribution of the peptidergic fibers suggests that the studied neuropeptides are involved in many physiological actions.

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Anatomical Science International

Título del artículo:

Effect of the addition of Moringa oleifera to fruit drinks on clinical parameters associated with iron deficiency anaemia in schoolchildren

Worldwide, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one the most significant nutritional maladies, especially in low and middle-income countries. This is mainly due to the associated morbidity, economic implications on the health system and the welfare state. One of the most prevalent causes of IDA in children is insufficient food intake, which has an obvious connection with the social environment. The main strategy in the management of this condition is counteracting such deficiency through the improvement of nutrition and family upbringing. Aiming to explore affordable, novel and straightforward approaches to treat this nutritional condition, we developed a descriptive study associated with the incorporation of Moringa oleifera in homemade fruit beverages delivered to 32 children from low-income families, in order to assess the evolution of IDA, evaluating specific clinical parameters such as red blood cells volume, as well as hemoglobin, ferritin and serum iron levels, within a two months lapse. At the end of this period, we observed a significant statistical rise in the levels of all the assessed parameters, finding about a 1.3-fold increase in hemoglobin and ferritin levels and in red blood cells volume; serum iron was 1.1 times higher. These findings are demonstrative of the wide spectrum of the medicinal features of Moringa and establish a promising and accessible strategy easy to incorporate into the diet of families of children suffering this pathology.

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Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion

Título del artículo:

Regulation compliance in drugstores with glucometry service in four cities of santander-colombia

Objective To evaluate the compliance of the service of glucometry in drugstores in the department of Santander-Colombia. Methods Cross-sectional observational study. An assessment instrument based on the normativity and validated by experts was used. Results The poll was applied to 68 drugstores. The results were categorized as follows: human resources, equipment, infrastructure, documentation-registration, and surveillance and control processes. In the first category, shortcomings related to the academic training of the staff in charge of the drugstore were identified, with a compliance percentage of 66,2% and in the training of personnel in the management of the gluco-metry equipment, 35,3%. In general, the knowledge of the regulations by the staff was 36,8%. In the equipment and infrastructure categories, a level of compliance of more than 50% is evident for all items, except in those related to calibration equipment. In the fourth category, specifically in documentation and registration, the levels of regulatory compliance are less than 50% in all items, except in the one related with the information that is offered to the patient during the procedure. The results show a failure in the surveillance and control processes, where only 57,4% of the establishments confirm inspection visits. Conclusions The results of this study reveal widespread ignorance of the regulations in drugstores that provide the glu-cometry service; consequently, not all regulatory requirements are met. Promoting training programs and strengthening the culture of self-evaluation guarantees safe processes for the patient.

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Revista de Salud Publica

Título del artículo:

Recovery of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Cucuta and association with clinical isolates

Objective. Isolate, identify and molecularly characterize pathogenic Cryptococcus isolates for humans from environmental and clinical samples from the city of Cucuta. Materials and methods. A total of 1300 samples were collected from 446 trees of 10 different species in 10 public areas of Cucuta. Concomitantly, clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans were obtained (June 2016-June 2017). The samples were cultivated in Guizottia abysinica seed medium and were then biochemically identified and characterized by PCR fingerpinting and RFLP of the URA5 gene. Results. C. neoformans displayed an environmental prevalence of 4.3% (19 positive individuals), and that of C. gattii was 0.2% (1 positive individual); this yielded a total of 20 Cryptococcus-positive trees and 21 isolates (two from the same individual). Santander Park registered 47.6% of the global prevalence (10/21 isolates), followed by La Victoria Park with 23.8% (5/21 isolates), corresponding to C. neoformans. One C. gattii isolate was collected from a Ficus benjamina tree located in Mercedes Abrego Park. Genotypic analysis revealed the presence of C. neoformans var. grubii VNI in 85.7% of environmental isolates as well as 100% of clinical isolates. VNII and VGII molecular types represented 9.5% and 4.8% of the environmental isolates, respectively. Conclusions. The longitudinal sampling of previously reported environmental niches of the fungus reveals its presence and suggests that permanent monitoring is required both in the environment and in patients, especially in endemic areas of the city.

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Revista MVZ Cordoba

Título del artículo:

Antifungal activity of acidic electrolyzed water against strawberry postharvest molds (Fragaria x ananassa Duch cv. Camarosa)

The aim of this word was to assess the in vitro antifungal activity of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and the required contact time to inhibit the development of post-harvest molds common in strawberry fruit. Ninety-four strawberry samples were used. A five-fold assay in a randomized design was carried out using standard inoculum of fungal conidia, which were subjected to an array of contact times and AEW concentrations, using a controlled agitation (120 r.p.m) at 23°C. The conidia treated with AEW were grown on potato dextrose agar and their germination was evaluated. Mycelial growth of the treated samples was measured and compared against conidia control samples treated with distilled water instead of AEW. Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most commonly isolated species at 54.25% and 28.72%, respectively. AEW inhibited conidia germination after 7 minutes of exposure. The AEW concentration required to inhibit conidia germination was 10 ppm and 50 ppm for R. stolonifer and B. cinerea respectively, a variance possibly due to the constitution of their cellular walls. A short exposure of AEW is able to inhibit post-harvest fungi growth, and is thus recommended as an efficient, economical, and environmentally sustainable sanitation agent, with the ability of extending the strawberry postharvest consumption period.

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Acta Agronomica

Título del artículo:

Labor elasticity of growth by sector and department in Colombia: the importance of the agricultural employment elasticity

The employment elasticity measures the employment generated per unit of economic growth. The general literature suggests that low elasticities in the agricultural sector, along with high elasticities in the other sectors are appropriate for pro-poor economic growth. This paper estimates the employment elasticities in Colombia at the national and departmental level, in general as well as by sector, and analyzes how they relate to certain socioeconomic variables. Main results show positive nation-wide elasticities, relatively lower in agriculture, suggesting a movement from lower to higher-productive jobs. Highly competitive regions show positive and large elasticities in manufacturing and services, while low competitive regions have large negative elasticities in the agricultural sector.

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Agroalimentaria

Título del artículo:

Design of a non-functional prototype in mobile application of service comercials for the municipality of Guadalajara De Buga

Essentially e-Commerce is the use of ICT to facilitate the commercial exchange between consumers and companies. Due to the lack of these tools in the commercial sector in Buga, Colombia, it is proposed to design a non-functional App prototype, which will improve the commercial relations between the different actors. According to the results of the feasibility study, 96% of respondents are expected to use the application. While 61.5% of merchants rated the project as novel.

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Espacios

Título del artículo:

Neurophysics assessment of the muscle bioenergy generated by transcranial magnetic stimulation

The content of the rectified motor evoked potential (MEP) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has ambiguously been assessed without the precision that energy calculation deserves. This fact has misled data interpretation and misguided biomedical interventions. To definitively fill the gap that exits in the neurophysics processing of these signals, we computed, in Walls (W), the bioenergy within the rectified MEP recorded from the human first digitorum index (FDI) muscle at rest and under isometric contraction. We also gauged the biowork exerted by this muscle. Here we show that bioenergy and biowork can accurately and successfully be assessed, validated, and determined in W from MEP signals induced by TMS, regardless of knowing the mathematical expression of the function of the signal. Our novel neurophysics approach represents a dramatic paradigm shift in analysis and interpretation of the content of the MEP and will give a truemeaning to the content of rectified signals. Importantly, this innovative approach allowed unveiling that women exerted more bioenergy than men at the magnetic stimulations used in this study. Revisitation of conclusions drawn from studies published elsewhere assessing rectified EMG signals that have used ambiguous units is strongly recommended.

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Research

Título del artículo:

Education for occupational health: Theoretical perspectives from intervention

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on occupational health, its implications on employees, the risk factors to which they are exposed and the various diseases or syndromes that deteriorate the health of members of the organization. To fulfill this objective, a bibliographic design of documentary type was approached; whose source of information was secondary data. It is concluded that, occupational health is related to the way employees assume it and not only depends on the actions carried out by the company, it is also built in a healthy working environment and adequate conditions, however, occupational health can be impaired by various factors in the work environment, stressing that stress is the main cause of health deterioration, causing cardiovascular, metabolic diseases and Burnout syndrome.

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Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica

Título del artículo:

Indicators of well-being in tropical bovine: A vision from stress and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Aim of this review was to gather relevant information about the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during stress periods in cattle, and its impact on production through different measures available in the literature. This includes blood and behavior biomarkers, such as cortisol, which despite its short life is still quite valid. Metodology included the review of several sources and english and spanish database such as Scielo, Pubmed, Google Academic and others (Epsco and Sci Verse). Selection criteria included key words that contained thermal stress in bovines and its impact on production in tropical regions, as well as its relationship with animal welfare.

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Revista Veterinaria

Título del artículo:

Public transportation demand model for low density territories

In the course of recent years, there has been a gradual progressive deterioration in some territories, which is caused by economic problems, lack of job opportunities, deficiencies in mobility, among other problems that affect these territories. This deterioration has been causing a reduction in its population and therefore an emigration to large cities where the needs in economic, social and welfare terms can be met in a less complex way. The territories that have been presenting these affectations are denominated territories of low population density. For the specific case analyzed in this study, continental Portugal owns 59% of the municipalities as low density territories (LDT) (this is equivalent to 165 municipalities) [1]. Knowing the importance of public transport to the population of LDT (since it may be the only option to be mobilized) and considering that degradation of the public transportation (PT) increases the problems of isolation of these populations. This study aims to determine which factors (variables) have more influence in the estimation of the demand of public bus transportation for the LDT in mainland Portugal. In addition, a model is proposed to estimate the demand for these low-density territories. The mathematical model of multiple linear regression (MLR) is used based on the most influential socioeconomic and demographic variables for LDT. The model was developed with the statistical tool SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences). The estimated model presented an adjustment of 87%, taking into account the variables of number of illiterate people, population density and purchasing power. In addition, an analysis by regions (NUTS II classification) was carried out to determine which region presents a lower error percentage in the estimations. From this analysis it can be concluded that the northern region with 88% of municipalities (equivalent to 36 LDT) presents an estimate of error lower than 50%.

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WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development

Título del artículo:

Susana, nurrative of nursing and story to the end of his life: Final reflections from the thought of Hildegard Peplau

In nursing care, narrative emerges as mediation and a key element in the care process, which also determines an epistemological background, supported by scientific advances in the nursing sciences. Objective: To analyze the epistemological aspects: meaning, metaparadigm, nursing knowledge patterns and worldviews to a service narrative of a Renal Unit. Methodology: Hildegard Peplau\'s thought and the guide for the analysis of nursing situations, it were applied used at the University of Santander-UDES. Results: The \"Situation of Nursing\" analyzed is located in the vision of reciprocity. Patterns of nursing knowledge were identified, reflecting predominance of the aesthetic pattern. Conclusion: In the care of adults with peritoneal dialysis, and with the difficulties in accepting their recent terminal diagnosis, a humanized care is essential.

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Cultura de los Cuidados